Hii Friends I am Nisha, in the last post we had learn about What is chemistry? Its type and properties. And today we will learn about the Quantum theory.Its type and properties.
QUANTUM THEORY
Also known as ⇨ Quantum theory
Based on ⇨ Wave Function
Proposed by ⇨ Schrodinger
Denoted by ⇨ Wave function (Ψ Sign).
Knowns about →
Characteristic feature of an atom
Sence = Real arrangement of electron in an atom.
Real arrangement are knowns
(1) Orbit
(2) Name of Orbit.
(3) Orbital of an atom.
(4)Sub-shell of an atom.
(5) Shape of sub-shell.
(6) Accouis atom electron in orbit / Accouisdatirem electron
(7) Acsauodation of electron in sub shell
Definition according to above →
This quantum number (a)
Orbit, sub-shell, shape of sub-shell, orbital, direction of electron is known as quantum theory.
Fact :-
Quantum theory is defined as →
(1) Knowns = Orbit of an atom
(2) Sub-shell of an atom
(3) Shape of sub - shell
(4) Orbital
(5) Direction of an electron
Conclusion to above :-
Name of quantum number
(1) Principal quantum number.
(2) Azimuthal quantum number.
(3) Magnetic quantum number.
(4)Spin Quantum number
(1) PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER
Proposed by = niels bohr
Knowns about = (1) Orbit, (2) Name of orbit, (3) Accomodation in orbit number of electron.
Definition
The quantum number which give the idea about orbit, name of orbit and number of electron in orbit or accomodation of in orbit is called Principle quantum number.
Fact :-
Principle quantum number is defined as →
(1) Knowns about = Orbit
(2) Knowns about = Name of orbit
(3) Knowns about = Accounodation or number of electron in a orbit
(4) All ✅
(a) Orbit
This is fixed path in which the electron are rotate is called orbit
Fact:-
Orbit is defined as →
(1) It is fixed path
(2) It is Certain path
(3) This is defined path
(4) All ✅
Denoted by = (n)
⇒ It having numbered
that is n = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7.....
(b) Name of orbit
Example :-
Number of Orbit Name of Orbit
n = 1 K - Orbit
n = 2 L - Orbit
n = 3 M - Orbit
n = 4 N - Orbit
n = 5 O - Orbit
n = 6 P - Orbit
n = 7 Q - Orbit
..... .....
n = ∞( Infinity ) ∞ = Orbit
(c) Accomodation of electron
Based on = 2n2
Conclusion :-
Accomodation of electron
Example :-
Number of Orbit Name of Orbit Accomodation of electron
n = 1 K - Orbit 2x(1)2 = 2
n = 2 L - Orbit 2x(2)2 = 8
n = 3 M - Orbit 2x(3)2 = 18
n = 4 N - Orbit 2x(4)2 = 32
n = 5 O - Orbit 2x(5)2 = 50
n = 6 P - Orbit 2x(6)2 = 72
n = 7 Q - Orbit 2x(7)2 = 98
..... ........ .....
n = ∞( Infinity ) ∞ = Orbit ∞
(B) AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER
n = 2 L - Orbit 2x(2)2 = 8
n = 3 M - Orbit 2x(3)2 = 18
n = 4 N - Orbit 2x(4)2 = 32
n = 5 O - Orbit 2x(5)2 = 50
n = 6 P - Orbit 2x(6)2 = 72
n = 7 Q - Orbit 2x(7)2 = 98
..... ........ .....
n = ∞( Infinity ) ∞ = Orbit ∞
(B) AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER
Also known as = (1) Subsidiary quantum number
(2) Secondary quantum number
(3) Angular quantum number
Proposed by = Summer field
Based on = Principle quantum number
Denoted by = l
Knowns about →
(1) Sub-shell
(2) Name of the Sub-shell
(3) Accomodation of electron in a Sub-shell
(4) Shape of Sub-shell
Definition according to above
This quantum number which given idea about Sub-shell, name of Sub-shell, accomodation of electron in a Sub-shell and Shape of Sub-shell is called azimuthal quantum number.
(1) Sub-shell
(2) Name of the Sub-shell
(4) If n = 4
Formula = (n - 1) = 4-1 = 3
So, l = 3
(5) If n = 5
Formula = (n - 1) = 5-1 = 4
So,
There is probability to finding of electron/es is called Sub-shell & sub - orbit/Shell.
Fact :-
Sub-shell is defined as →
(1) Maximum probability to finding to electron. ✅
(2) Maximum & maximum probability to finding to electron
(3) This probability
(4) All
It is depend upon = Azimuthal values
Value of Azimuthal ⇨ L = 0, l = 1, l = 2, l = 3.
Finding of azimuthal value (n - 1)
Where n = Number of orbit
Example : -
(1) If n = 1
Formula = (n - 1) = 1 - 1 = 0
So, l = o
(2) If n = 2
Formula = (n - 1) = 2-1 = 1
So, l = 1
(3) If n = 3
Formula = (n - 1) = 3 - 1 = 2
So, l = 2
Formula = (n - 1) = 4-1 = 3
So, l = 3
(5) If n = 5
Formula = (n - 1) = 5-1 = 4
So,
l = o, 1, 2, 3, 4
Azimuthal values Name of the Sub-shell
l = 0 s - sub-shell
l = 1 p - sub-shell
l = 2 d - sub-shell
l = 3 f - sub-shell
Name of orbit Azimuthal values Name of the Sub-shell
n = 1 l = o s - sub-shell
n = 2 l = 1 p - sub-shell
n = 3 l = 2 d - sub-shell
n = 4 l = 3 f - sub-shell
(3) Accomodation of electron in a Sub-shell
Formula : -
Accomodation of electron in a Sub-shell = xl+2
Where l = Azimuthal values
Azimuthal values Name of the Sub-shell Accomodation
of electron
l = o s - sub-shell 4x0+2=2 (1-2)
l = 1 p - sub-shell 4x1+2 = 6 (1-6)
l = 2 d - sub-shell 4x2+2=10 (1-10)
l = 3 f - sub-shell 4x3+2=14 (1-14)
(4) Shape of Sub-shell
(1) In case of s - sub-shell
Shape = Spherical (Ο)
(2) In case of p - sub-shell
⇨ Double = (1) ∞ (2)
(3) 8
(3) In case of d - sub-shell
Shape = Double dumble
(4) In case of f - sub-shell
Shape = Complicated
(C) MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER
Proposed by = P. lanble
Denoted by = m1
Based on = Azimuthal quantum number or m = l
Knowns about = (1) Orbital (2) Name of Orbital (3) Number of Orbital.
Definition according to above
This quantum number which gives the idea about orbital, Name of Orbital, Number of Orbital is known as Magnetic quantum number.
Fact : -
Magnetic quantum number is defined as →
(1) Knowns about = Orbital
(2) Knowns about = Number of Orbital
(3) Knowns about = Name of Orbital
(4) All ✅
It Started from = +1, o, -1
or
-1, 0, +1
( It Is Value of Magnetic quantum number)
(1) Orbital
(a) There is maximum and maximum probability to finding of electron
(b) Perpus - (a) The unstable an atom required stability
There is a maximum and maximum probability to finding of electron is called orbital.
Fact : -
Orbital is defined as →
(1) finding of electron = Maximum probability
(2) finding of electron= Maximum & maximum probability ✅
(3)finding of electron = Less
(4) All
Different between orbit & orbital
ORBIT
(a) There is less and less probability to finding of electron
(b) Perpus - (a) The unstable an atom required stability
(b) Do not take part in combination
(c) Do not honding
(d) It do not forms molecule, molecular compound & compound
ORBITAL
(b) Perpus - (a) The unstable an atom required stability
(b) To take part in a combination
(c) It forms honding
(d) It forms molecule, molecular compound & compound
(c) It forms honding
(d) It forms molecule, molecular compound & compound
(2) Name of Orbital
Formula : -
Name of orbital = 2l+1
Where l = Azimuthal values
Example : -
Azimuthal values Name of sub-shell Number of orbital = 2l+1
l = 0 s - sub-shell 2x0+1=1
(3) Number of Orbital
(1) Name of sub-shell = d- sub-shell
(2) Name of orbital = dxy, dyn, dzn, dn2y2, dz2
(3) Orbital dygram = |dxy|dyx|dzx|dn2y2|dz2|
(d) If n = 4
l = 3
m = +3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
(1) Name of sub-shell = f- sub-shell
(2) Name of orbital = Complicated
(3) Orbital dygram = ⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜ or
(D) SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER
By the Azimuthal quantum number we know about = Sub-shell
By the Magnetic quantum number we know about = Orbital
By the Spin quantum number we know about = direction of electron
WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY? AND ITS TYPE || DEFINE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
ACYCLIC OF ALKENE & HOMOLOGOUS - SERIES
WHAT IS FUNGI ? || DIFINE FUNGI || TYPES OF FUNGI ||
l = 1 p - sub-shell 2x1+1=3
l = 2 d - sub-shell 2x2+1=5
l = 3 f - sub-shell 2x3+1=7
s - sub-shell = 1 Orbital
p - sub-shel = 3 Orbital
d - sub-shell = 5 Orbital
f - sub-shell = 7 Orbital
Example : -
(a) (1) If n = 1
l = 0
m = 1 or 0
(2) Name of sub-shell = s - sub-shell
(3) Orbital dygram = ☐
(4) Name of orbital = No name
(b) If n = 2
l = 1
m = -1, 0, +1
(1) Name of sub-shell = p- sub-shell
(2) Name of orbital = px, py, pz
(c) If n = 3
l = 2
m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
(2) Name of orbital = dxy, dyn, dzn, dn2y2, dz2
(3) Orbital dygram = |dxy|dyx|dzx|dn2y2|dz2|
(d) If n = 4
l = 3
m = +3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
(1) Name of sub-shell = f- sub-shell
(2) Name of orbital = Complicated
(3) Orbital dygram = ⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜ or
(D) SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER
Proposed by = Uhlen peck & Goudsmit
Denoted by =
Knowns about = Directional of electron
Definition
On the basis of spectral evidence the electron are rotated ( that is .... in a rotational form) in a two directional such as clock wise by (positive half ) & antic clock wise ( negative half) so, this quantum known as spin quantum number.
By the spin quantum number we known about →
(1) Direction of electron ✅
(2) Orbit of an atom
(3) electron sub-shell an atom
(4) electron orbital of an atom
If having two values = +1/2, -1/2 or
+1/2
Alert :-
If do not depends upon any quantum number
⇩
n = 1 n=1
l = 0 l = 0
m = l m = l
s = +1/2 s = - 1/2
Clock wise direction Anti wise direction
Final conclusion to all quantum number
By the principle quantum number we know about = Orbit
By the Magnetic quantum number we know about = Orbital
By the Spin quantum number we know about = direction of electron
Also read this
ACYCLIC OF ALKENE & HOMOLOGOUS - SERIES
WHAT IS FUNGI ? || DIFINE FUNGI || TYPES OF FUNGI ||
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